| 3᠂ | ︽ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠮ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠡᠭᠵᠤ ᠮᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾⑩ ︵ | ᠲᠤᠭᠤᠭᠰᠢ ︿ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︶ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠳᠦᠭᠦᠮᠴᠢᠯᠡᠪᠡ︶ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠸᠠᠩ | ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠵᠠᠭᠤᠷ᠂ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠯ ᠪᠠ ᠤᠶᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤ ᠨᠤᠳᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ | ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠭᠤᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳ 240 ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠨ | ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠨᠤᠮ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨ᠂ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷ᠂ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠡᠨ | ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠯᠳᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠳᠤᠳᠠᠢ ᠲᠤᠳᠤᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠳᠡᠶᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠴᠦ ᠡᠨᠡ | ᠨᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠳᠡᠷ ᠭᠦᠡᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠲᠦᠷᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠪᠠᠳᠤ | ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠢ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠵᠢᠴᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳᠤ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤᠷ | ᠳᠠᠬᠢᠵᠤ ᠤᠯᠳᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠮᠠᠲ᠋ᠧᠷᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ | ᠳᠤᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠪᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ᠂ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠴᠢ ᠷᠠᠰᠢᠫᠣᠩᠰᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ︽ᠳ᠋ᠠᠢ ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠷ | ᠡᠷᠢᠬᠡ︾ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠡᠪᠳᠡᠷ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠬᠤᠵᠢᠳ ᠰᠢᠭ᠋ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ︽ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠤ | ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳᠤ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠳᠠᠯᠠᠨ | ᠬᠠᠷᠭᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦᠯᠡᠷ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠢ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠦᠵᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠠᠳᠠᠯᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠬᠡᠯᠪᠡᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠬᠦ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠲᠤᠪᠴᠢ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠤᠢ᠂ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠨᠠᠬᠢ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠩᠭᠦᠢ ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠯᠢᠭ | ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠰᠢᠭ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠦᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠰᠤᠷᠭᠠᠭᠤᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠳᠡᠨ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ | ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢᠳᠡᠨ ᠨ᠊᠂ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠰᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤ᠂ ᠬᠠᠰᠪᠠᠭᠠᠨᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ︽ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠰᠤᠶᠤᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠤᠷᠪᠤᠯᠵᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾᠂ | ︽ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠮ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠤ ᠭᠦᠡᠭᠵᠤ ᠮᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠤᠨ | ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠯ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠯᠴᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤᠭᠰᠡᠨ ︽ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢ | ᠷᠠᠰᠢᠫᠣᠩᠰᠤᠭ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠤ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠵᠤᠷᠪᠤᠰ ᠵᠢᠱᠢᠶᠡ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠲᠠᠭᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠵᠤᠶᠢᠳᠡᠢ ᠰᠢᠭ | ᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠢ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠮᠡᠷᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠷᠮᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠦᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠵᠤ | ᠤᠭ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠳᠤᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠦᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠠᠳᠡ ᠰᠦᠪᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠰᠤ︕ | ︽ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠲᠤ ︽᠁ ᠰᠠ ᠭᠦᠡᠭ ︵ᠰᠡᠳᠡᠷ ᠭᠦᠡᠭ︶ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠪᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠰᠧᠪᠳᠡᠨ | ᠭᠦᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠡᠶᠡᠪᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠴᠢᠨᠤ ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ ᠰᠠ ᠭᠦᠡᠭ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠦᠷᠤ ᠲᠤᠷ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ︵ᠮᠠᠨᠢ︶ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ | ᠬᠦᠴᠦ ᠦᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠ ᠴᠢᠮᠠᠶᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠦᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠷᠠ ᠲᠤᠷ ᠬᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠨ ︵ᠵᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠨ︶ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠪᠠ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ | ᠭᠢᠨᠭ ︵ᠵᠢᠩ︶ ᠬᠤᠳᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠳ ᠵᠠᠷᠤᠵᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠤᠷᠠᠭᠠ ︵ ᠲᠤᠷᠭᠠ︶ | ᠮᠦᠡᠭᠬᠦᠨ ᠱᠠᠩᠨᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠯᠳᠠᠯᠠ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠲᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠮᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠢ᠂ ᠮᠦᠨ | ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠦᠬᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠬᠦᠤ ᠭᠦᠡᠭᠵᠤ ᠶᠢ ᠱᠠ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠳᠤᠷ ᠰᠡᠴᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠡᠭᠵᠤ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ | ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠤ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤᠢ ᠴᠠᠭ ᠳᠤᠷ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠦᠷᠦᠭ ﹇ᠦᠷᠤᠭᠡ﹈ ﹇ᠡᠷᠦᠭᠡ﹈ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ | ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠯᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ᠂ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠱᠢᠪ ᠬᠤᠤᠯᠴᠢᠨ ︵ ᠭᠤᠤᠯᠴᠢᠨ︶ ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠰᠡ | ᠸᠠᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠷᠠ ᠬᠠᠳᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠪᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠴᠤᠭ᠍ᠭᠢᠪᠠ ︵ᠴᠤᠶᠢᠵᠠᠪ︶ ᠲᠡᠬᠦᠨᠤ ᠠᠴᠢ ᠦᠷᠠ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨ | ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠵᠢ ⑪ᠨᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃ | ᠰᠡᠴᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠡᠭᠵᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠦᠪᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠸᠴᠢᠷ᠂ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠪᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠳᠤ᠂ ᠭᠤᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷ | ᠬᠦᠪᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠨᠠᠮᠵᠠ ︵ ᠨᠠᠮᠴᠠ︶ ᠲᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠬᠦᠪᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠪᠳᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠢ ⑫︾ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠰᠧᠪᠳᠡᠨ ᠵᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ | ᠰᠡᠴᠡᠨ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠤ ᠭᠦᠡᠭᠵᠤ ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠷᠡ ᠠᠴᠢᠷ ᠦᠷᠡᠵᠢᠨ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ | ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠲᠦᠷᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠢᠶᠦ᠋ᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠪᠠᠳᠤ᠂ ᠡᠵᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠯᠢᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ 1776 ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠪᠦᠯ ᠬᠤᠶᠢᠳᠤ | ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠵᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠡᠭᠡ ᠵᠠᠩᠵᠤᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠪᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠰᠤᠳᠨᠠᠮᠳᠤᠷᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ | ᠨᠢ ᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠳᠬᠡᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠪᠤᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳᠤ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠤᠳ ᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠡᠳ ︽ | ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰᠭᠡᠵᠤ᠂ ᠦᠵᠦᠭ ᠪᠢᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠪᠢᠵᠠᠢ᠃ | ︽ᠦᠨᠳᠤᠰᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠤᠶᠢᠯᠠᠪᠠᠰᠤ᠄ | ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠳᠤ᠂ 1640 ᠭᠡᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠬᠢ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨ ᠤᠳᠤᠭ | ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠤᠪᠴᠢ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠨ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ | ᠬᠤᠶᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ᠂ 1640 — 1770 ᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠢ 130 ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ | ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠮᠵᠢ᠂ ᠤᠶᠢᠯᠡ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠯ᠂ | ᠴᠢᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠦᠷᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠭᠦᠡᠭᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ | ᠪᠠᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠵᠤ ᠦᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠭᠦᠡᠭᠵᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠤᠶᠢᠯᠡ ᠠᠵᠢᠯᠯᠠᠭᠠ᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ | ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠢ ᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷᠡᠬᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠭᠵᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠴᠠ᠂ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠬᠢᠭᠡᠳ ᠬᠦᠡᠭᠵᠤ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠡᠭᠭᠤᠨ ᠢ | ᠬᠡᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠬᠠᠮᠢᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠰᠢᠯᠵᠢᠬᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠬᠤᠨᠭ᠍ᠬᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠰᠤᠮᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠢᠷᠡᠯ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠤᠪᠴᠢ | ᠳᠤᠳᠤᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠦᠭᠦᠯᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ | ᠳᠤᠤᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠮᠢᠨᠤ ᠦᠵᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠠᠷ ︽ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠮ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠤ ᠭᠦᠡᠭᠵᠤ ᠮᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ | ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠨᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠯᠳᠡ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠯᠳᠠᠷ᠂ ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠨᠢ | ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠤᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠮᠦᠨ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠰᠧᠪᠳᠡᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ | ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠪᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠦᠷᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠢ 140 ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠢ ᠵᠢᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠤᠯᠬᠤ | ᠨᠢ ᠳᠠᠮᠵᠢᠭ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠤᠬᠠᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳᠤ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭ | ᠤᠴᠢᠷ ᠢ ︽ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠮᠡᠳᠤ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠳᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠡᠬᠦᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ | ᠠᠰᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠶᠡᠷᠤᠨᠢ ᠤᠯᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠡᠶᠢᠮᠤ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠪᠢᠳᠡ ︽ᠦᠨᠳᠤᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ᠂ | ᠢᠳᠡᠭᠡᠮᠵᠢᠳᠤ ᠴᠢᠨᠠᠷ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠳᠤ ᠦᠷᠳᠡᠭ ᠢ ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠯ ᠭᠦᠢᠴᠡᠳ ᠨᠤᠳᠠᠯᠬᠤ ᠴᠢᠬᠤᠯᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ | ᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠭᠠᠯᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ 1700 — 1800 ᠭᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷᠤᠨᠳᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦᠵᠦᠮᠦᠴᠢᠨ | ᠭᠤᠮᠪᠤᠵᠠᠪ ᠤᠨ ︽ᠭᠠᠨᠭ᠍ᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠤᠷᠤᠰᠬᠠᠯ︾᠂ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠷᠠᠰᠢᠫᠣᠩᠰᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ︽ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠷ ᠡᠷᠢᠬᠡ︾᠂ | ᠵᠤᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠴᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠳᠤᠳᠤ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ ︽ᠡᠷᠬᠢᠮ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠤ ᠭᠦᠡᠭᠵᠤ ᠮᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠨᠤᠶᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠤ | ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ︾ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨ 1993 ᠤᠨ ᠤ 10 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ | ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠷᠳᠤᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠠᠷᠬᠠᠭᠠᠭᠰᠡᠨ ︽ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ | ᠤᠶᠢᠯᠠᠯᠭᠠ︾ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠢᠵᠢ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠪᠤᠷᠭᠤ ᠪᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠯ ᠪᠤᠯ ᠬᠡᠨ ᠴᠦ ᠬᠡᠵᠢᠶᠡ ᠴᠦ ᠦᠭᠡᠶᠢᠰᠭᠡᠵᠤ | ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠦᠭᠡᠷᠡᠴᠢᠯᠡᠵᠤ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠢᠭᠡᠷ᠂ ᠳᠤᠮᠤᠭ ᠶᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠ ᠴᠦ ᠤᠷᠤᠯᠠᠵᠤ | ᠳᠡᠶᠢᠯᠤᠰᠢ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠂ ᠦᠡᠭᠭᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠂ ᠤᠳᠤ᠂ ᠢᠷᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠲᠤᠯᠭᠤᠷ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠤᠯᠤᠨᠠ᠃ | ᠰᠡᠴᠡᠨᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ ︵ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠬᠤᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠭᠡᠮᠯᠢᠭ ᠤᠨ | ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠠ︶ | | |